BRICS-T Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonlarının Belirleyicileri: 2000–2022 Dönemi Panel Veri Analizi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63556/ankad.v10i2.355Anahtar Kelimeler:
Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar- Kentleşme- CO2 Emisyonu- Driscoll-Kraay Standart Hatalar Tahmincisi- Enerji TüketimiÖzet
Fosil yakıtların çevresel tahribat üzerinde önemli olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Fosil yakıtların yanması sonucunda karbondioksit miktarının artması çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Bunun yanında kentleşme ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların CO2 emisyonları üzerine etkileri konusunda farklı görüş ve teorileri bulunmaktadır. Kentleşmenin çevre üzerindeki etkileri kent çevre geçiş teorisi ve kompakt kent teorisi ile açıklanırken, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların çevre üzerindeki etkileri ise kirlilik halesi hipotezi ile kirlilik cenneti hipotezi tarafından açıklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2000-2022 yılları arasında BRICS-T ülkelerinde kentleşme, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve enerji tüketiminin CO2 emisyonları üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Söz konusu bu altı ülke küresel ölçekteki karbon salınımının önemli bir miktarını açığa çıkarmaktadır. Yöntem olarak sabit etkili Driscoll-Kraay Standart Hatalar tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, kentleşme ve enerji tüketiminin CO2 emisyonlarını pozitif etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardaki bir birimlik artış CO2 emisyonlarını 0.03 birim, kentleşmede meydana gelen bir birimlik artış CO2 emisyonlarını 0.76 birim ve son olarak enerji tüketimindeki bir birimlik artış CO2 emisyonlarını 0.10 birim artırmıştır.
Referanslar
Acaravcı, A., Bozkurt, C. & Erdoğan, S. (2015). MENA Ülkelerinde Demokrasi-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 119-129.
Acharya, K. R., & Acharya, H. (2023). Urbanization and Carbon Emission in South Asia. Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 5(1), 28-34.
Agboola, M. O., Bekun, F. V., & Joshua, U. (2021). Pathway to Environmental Sustainability: Nexus Between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission, Oil Rent and Total Natural Resources Rent in Saudi Arabia. Resources Policy, 74, 102380.
Akbostancı, E., Tunç, G. İ., & Türüt-Aşık, S. (2004). Pollution haven hypothesis and the role of dirty industries in Turkey’s exports (ERC Working Papers No. 0403). Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
Apergis, N., Pinar, M., & Unlu, E. (2023). How do foreign direct investment flows affect carbon emissions in BRICS countries? Revisiting the pollution haven hypothesis using bilateral FDI flows from OECD to BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 14680–14692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23185-4
Bagadeem, S., Gohar, R., Wong, W. K., Salman, A., & Chang, B. H. (2024). Nexus Between Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness, and Carbon Emissions: Fresh Insights Using Innovative Methodologies. Cogent Economics & Finance, 12(1).
Balsalobre‐Lorente, D., Driha, O. M., Halkos, G., & Mishra, S. (2022). Influence of Growth and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: The Moderating Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Energy Use in BRICS. Sustainable Development, 30(1), 227-240.
Baltagi, B.H. (2008) Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester.
Bekhet, H. A., Othman, N. S., & Yasmin, T. (2020). Interaction between environmental Kuznets curve and urban environment transition hypotheses in Malaysia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(1), 384–402.
Bibri, S. E., Krogstie, J., & Kärrholm, M. (2020). Compact City Planning and Development: Emerging Practices and Strategies for Achieving the Goals Of Sustainability. Developments in the Built Environment, 4, 100021.
Boateng, E., Annor, C. B., Amponsah, M., & Ayibor, R. E. (2024). Does FDI Mitigate CO₂ Emissions Intensity? Not When Institutional Quality is Weak. Journal of Environmental Management, 354, 120386.
Chhabra, M., Giri, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2023). Do trade openness and institutional quality contribute to carbon emission reduction? Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 50986–51002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25789-w
Dingbang, C., Cang, C., Qing, C., Lili, S., & Caiyun, C. (2021). Does New Energy Consumption Conducive to Controlling Fossil Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions? Evidence From China. Resources Policy, 74, 102427.
Dong, K., Sun, R., & Hochman, G. (2017). Do natural gas and renewable energy consumption lead to less CO₂ emission? Empirical evidence from a panel of BRICS countries. Energy, 141, 1466–1478.
Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560.
Duan, Y., & Jiang, X. (2021). Pollution Haven or Pollution Halo? A Re-Evaluation on the Role of Multinational Enterprises in Global CO₂ Emissions. Energy Economics, 97, 105181.
Dutta, U. P., & Hazarika, N. (2025). Urbanization and Carbon Emissions: Panel Evidence From 68 Low-Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries. Journal of Urban Affairs, 47(1), 269-288.
Erkılıç, E., Gazeloğlu, C., & Özgören Ünlü, E. (2025). Renewable Energy Solution to Carbon Emissions: BRICS Countries in the Grip of Globalization and Economic Growth. Sustainability, 17, 4117.
Fan, L., Usman, M., Haseeb, M., & Kamal, M. (2025). The Impact of Financial Development and Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in Economic Complexity‐Based EKC Framework: New Evidence from BRICS‐T Region. Natural Resources Forum. 49(2), 1536-1559
Farooq, U. (2022). Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Aid, and CO2 Emissions in Asian Economies: Does Governance Matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 7532-7547.
Feng, H., & Li, Y. (2024). The Role of Fintech, Natural Resources, Environmental Taxes and Urbanization on Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from the Novel Panel Data Approaches. Resources Policy, 92, 104970.
Georgescu, I., & Kinnunen, J. (2023). The Role of Foreign Direct Investments, Urbanization, Productivity, and Energy Consumption in Finland’s Carbon Emissions: An ARDL Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 87685-87694.
Global Carbon Budget (2024) With major processing by Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?tab=discrete-bar&time=2022&country=OWID_WRL~IND~RUS~BRA~TUR~CHN~ZAF
Gujarati, D. N. & Porter, D. C. (2018). Temel Ekonometri (Beşinci Basımdan Çeviri). Ü. Şenesen & G. Günlük Şenesen (Çev.). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
Haseeb, M., Hassan, S., & Azam, M. (2017). Rural–urban transformation, energy consumption, economic growth, and CO₂ emissions using STIRPAT model for BRICS countries. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 36(2), 523–531.
Huang, Y., Chen, F., Wei, H., Xiang, J., Xu, Z., & Akram, R. (2022). The Impacts of FDI Inflows on Carbon Emissions: Economic Development and Regulatory Quality as Moderators. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, Article 820596.
Kim, S. E., & Seok, J. H. (2023). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions Considering Economic Development: Evidence From South Korea. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 32(4), 537-552.
Krieger, T., & Meierrieks, D. (2020). Population size and the size of government. European journal of political economy, 61, 101837.
Li, K., Zu, J., Musah, M., Mensah, I. A., Kong, Y., Owusu-Akomeah, M., ... & Agyemang, J. K. (2022). The Link Between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct İnvestments and CO2 Emanations: An Empirical Evidence From the Emerging Seven (E7) Countries. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 40(2), 477-500.
Liu, J.-L., Ma, C.-Q., Ren, Y.-S., & Zhao, X.-W. (2020). Do Real Output and Renewable Energy Consumption Affect CO2 Emissions? Evidence for Selected BRICS Countries. Energies, 13(4), 960.
Marcotullio, P. J., & Lee, Y.-S. (2003, February 4–5). Urban environmental transitions and urban transportation systems: A comparison of the North American and Asian experience. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Policy Integration Towards Sustainable Urban Energy Use for Cities in Asia. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Maruotti, A. (2011). The Impact of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries. Ecological economics, 70(7), 1344-1353.
Mehta, D., & Shah, M. A. (2024). BRICS Carbon Emissions: Asymmetric Impact of Energy Mix, Financial Development, and Digitalization. Sustainable Environment, 10(1).
Mert, M., & Çağlar, A. E. (2020). Testing Pollution Haven and Pollution Halo Hypotheses for Turkey: A New Perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933–32943
Muhammad, B., & Khan, M. K. (2021). Foreign Direct Investment Inflow, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Globalization, and Carbon Dioxide Emission Around the World. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 55643-55654.
Muhammad, N., Khan, Z. U., Iqbal, M. A., Ullah, I., & Ahmad, N. (2025). Impact of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from South Asian Countries. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 14(1), 320-334.
Nathaniel, S., Aguegboh, E., Iheonu, C., Sharma, G., & Shah, M. (2020). Energy Consumption, FDI, and Urbanization Linkage in Coastal Mediterranean Countries: Re-Assessing the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 35474-35487.
Pao, H.-T., & Tsai, C.-M. (2011). Multivariate Granger causality between CO₂ emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries. Energy, 36(1), 685–693.
Pata, U. K., Dam, M. M., & Kaya, F. (2023). How Effective are Renewable Energy, Tourism, Trade Openness, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions? An EKC Analysis for ASEAN Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 14821-14837.
Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265–312.
Rafique, M. Z., Li, Y., Larik, A. R., & Monaheng, M. P. (2020). The Effects of FDI, Technological Innovation, and Financial Development on CO2 Emissions: Evidence From the BRICS Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 23899-23913.
Rahman, H. U., Zaman, U., & Górecki, J. (2021). The Role of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Globalization in Environmental Degradation: Empirical Evidence from the BRICS Region. Sustainability, 13(4), 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041924
Sadorsky, P. (2014). The Effect of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in Emerging Economies. Energy economics, 41, 147-153.
Salahuddin, M., Ali, M. I., Vink, N., & Gow, J. (2019). The Effects of Urbanization and Globalization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 2699-2709.
Salahuddin, M., Gow, J., Ali, M. I., Hossain, M. R., Al-Azami, K. S., Akbar, D., & Gedikli, A. (2019). Urbanization–globalization–CO₂ emissions nexus revisited: Empirical evidence from South Africa. Heliyon, 5(6), Article e01974.
Selvanathan, E. A., Jayasinghe, M., & Selvanathan, S. (2021). Dynamic Modelling of Inter‐Relationship Between Tourism, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in South Asia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(4), 597-610.
Shabir, M., Ali, M., Hashmi, S. H., & Bakhsh, S. (2022). Heterogeneous Effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty and Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Quality: Cross-Country Evidence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 2737-2752.
Shahbaz, M., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Sinha, A. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment–CO2 Emissions Nexus in Middle East and North African Countries: Importance of Biomass Energy Consumption. Journal of cleaner production, 217, 603-614.
Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, T., Ahmed, K., & Jabran, M. A. (2015). How Urbanization Affects CO₂ Emissions in Malaysia? The Application of STIRPAT Model. MPRA Paper No. 68422.
Somoye, O. A., & Akinwande, T. S. (2023). Can Urbanization Influence Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Evidence from BRICS–T Countries. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 7(1), 164-174.
Triantafyllidou, A., & Polychronidou, P. (2025). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence for EU Countries. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 72(1), 59-78.
Türk, M. M., & Barışık, S. (2024). CO2 Emisyonunun Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kentleşme ile Etkileşimi: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Örneği. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(2), 510-533.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yatırım ve Finans Ofisi (ty). Türkiye'de Uluslararası Doğrudan Yatırım. https://www.invest.gov.tr/tr/whyturkey/sayfalar/fdi-in-turkey.aspx
Uddin, I., Usman, M., Saqib, N., & Makhdum, M. S. A. (2023). The Impact of Geopolitical Risk, Governance, Technological Innovations, Energy Use, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions in the BRICS Region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 73714-73729.
Udemba, E. N., & Keleş, N. İ. (2022). Interactions Among Urbanization, Industrialization and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Determining the Environment and Sustainable Development: New Insight from Turkey. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 6, 191-212.
Wang, H., Guo, X. (2025). Forecasting CO2 Emissions in BRICS Countries Using the Grey Breakpoint Prediction Models. Carbon Balance Management 20(7).
Wang, Q., Yang, T., Li, R., & Wang, X. (2023). Reexamining the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Carbon Emissions: Does Per Capita GDP Matter?. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications ,10, 406.
Wang, Q., & Zhang, F. (2020). Does increasing investment in research and development promote economic growth decoupling from carbon emission growth? An empirical analysis of BRICS countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 119853.
Wang, W. Z., Liu, L. C., Liao, H., & Wei, Y. M. (2021). Impacts of Urbanization on Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Analysis from OECD Countries. Energy policy, 151, 112171.
World Bank. World development indicators [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Zhigolli, G., & Fetai, B. (2024). The Relationship Between CO2 Emissions and GDP per Capita, Energy Consumption, Industrial Production in the Case of Western Balkan Countries. Ekonomska misao i praksa, 33(2), 539-553.
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2026 Anadolu Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
