Teachers' Self-Regulation: An Analysis of Their Levels and Perceptions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63556/ankad.v10i2.396Keywords:
Perception of self-regulation, self-regulation, teacherAbstract
The self-regulation process, the importance of which is increasingly understood in educational environments, has become an issue that needs to be emphasized for teachers who will teach students about self-regulation and guide them in this regard. Therefore, this study aims to analyze teachers’ self-regulation levels and examine their perceptions of self-regulation. General survey model is used in this study. The study group of the study consists of 123 teachers working in Kars. Self-Regulation Scale is used as a data collection tool to determine the self-regulation levels of teachers in the study, moreover, an open-ended question is asked “What is self-regulation? Explain" in order to determine teachers' perceptions on self-regulation. The results from the study show that the self-regulation levels of the teachers participating in the study are at a medium level. Teachers have high levels of self-reinforcement and low levels of self-monitoring and self-evaluation skills. There is no significant difference between male and female teachers in terms of levels of self-regulation. It is also determined that teachers cannot fully define self-regulation, but they have little knowledge about self-regulation processes.
References
Ali, S., & Yasmeen, R. (2019). Practice to Preach Self-Regulation: Use of Metacognitive Strategies by Medical Teachers in Their Learning Practices. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(6), 1642–1646. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.550
Allinder, R. M., Bolling, R. M., Oats, R. G., & Gagnon, W. A. (2000). Effects of teacher self-monitoring on implementation of curriculum-based measurement and mathematics computation achievement of students with disabilities. Remedialand Special Education, 21, 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193250002100403
Arcoverde, Â. R. D. R., Boruchovitch, E., Góes, N. M., & Acee, T. W. (2022). Self-regulated learning of Natural Sciences and Mathematics future teachers: Learning strategies, self-efficacy, and socio-demographic factors. Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, 35, 1.
Cardelle-Elawar, M., & Lizarraga, M. L. S. D. A. (2010). Looking at teacher identity through self-regulation. Psicothema, 293-298.
Aydın, S. & Demir Atalay, T. (2015). Öz-düzenlemeli Öğrenme [Self- Regulated Learning]. Pegem Akademi
Aydın, S., Keskin, M. Ö., & Yel, M. (2013). Öz-düzenleme ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Turkish adaptation of the self-regulation questionnaire: A study on validity and reliability]. Turkish Journal of Education, 3(1), 24-33.
Bembenutty, H. (2007). Preservice Teachers' Motivational Beliefs and Self-Regulation of Learning. A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
Brown, J. M. (1998). Self-Regulation and The Addictive Behaviors. In W. R. Miller & N. Heather (Eds.), Treating Addictive Behaviors (pp. 61-74). New York: Plenum Press.
Brown, J. M., Miller, W. R. & Lawendowski, L. A. (1999). The Self-Regulation Questionnaire. In L. VandeCreek & T. L. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book (pp. 281-289). Professional Resource Press.
Bruhn, A., McDaniel, S., & Kreigh, C. (2015). Self-monitoring interventions for students with behavior problems: A systematic review of current research..Behavioral Disorders, 40(2),102-121. https://doi.org/10.17988/BD-13-45.1
Buzza, D., & Allinotte, T. (2013). Pre-service teachers' self-regulated learning and their developing concepts of SRL. Brock Education Journal, 23(1). 58-76. https://doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v23i1.353
Cho, M. H., Cheon, J., & Lim, S. (2021). Preservice teachers’ motivation profiles, self-regulation, and affective outcomes in online learning. Distance Education, 42(1), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1869528
Çapa‐Aydin, Y., Sungur, S., & Uzuntiryaki, E. (2009). Teacher self‐regulation: examining a multidimensional construct. Educational Psychology, 29(3), 345-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410902927825
Sáez-Delgado, F., López-Angulo, Y., Mella-Norambuena, J., Baeza-Sepúlveda, C., Contreras-Saavedra, C., & Lozano-Peña, G. (2022). Teacher self-regulation and its relationship with student self-regulation in secondary education. Sustainability, 14(24), 16863.
Derks, B., van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2009). Working for the Self or Working for the Group: How Self- Versus Group Affirmation Affects Collective Behavior in Low-Status Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96 (1), 183. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0013068
Dignath-van Ewijk, C., & Van Der Werf, G. (2012). What teachers think about self-regulated learning: Investigating teacher beliefs and teacher behavior of enhancing students’ self-regulation. Education Research International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/741713
Eker, C. (2014). Öz-Düzenlemeli öğrenme modellerine karşilaştirmali bir bakiş. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(8), 417-433.
Florez, I. R. (2011). Developing young children's self-regulation through everyday experiences. Young Children, 66(4), 46-51
Gaskill, P. J., & Hoy, A. W. (2002). Self-efficacy and self-regulated learning: The dynamic duo in school performance. In Improving academic achievement (pp. 185-208). Academic Press.
Ghonsooly, B., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2013). Self-efficacy and self-regulation and their relationship: a study of Iranian EFL teachers. The Language Learning Journal, 41(1), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2011.625096
Gol, A. K., & Royaei, N. (2013). EFL teachers' self-regulation and job performance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(10), 1855. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.10.1855-1861
Han, F., & Ellis, R. A. (2023). Self-reported and digital-trace measures of students’ self-regulated learning in blended course designs. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 13253–13268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11698-5
Hayes, S. C., Munt, E. D., Korn, Z., Wulfert, E., Rosenfarb, I., & Zettle, R. D. (1986). The effect of feedback and self-reinforcement instructions on studying performance. The Psychological Record, 36(1), 25.
Iqbal, Y. (2012). Impact of core self evaluation (cse) on job satisfaction in education sector of Pakistan. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 6(2), 132–139.
Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D., (2006). LISREL 8.80 for Windows [Computer Software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
Jurisevic, M., Lavrih, L., Lisic, A., Podlogar, N., & Zerak, U. (2021). Higher education students’ experience of emergency remote teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic in relation to self-regulation and positivity. CEPS Journal, 11(Special Issue), 241-262.
Kanfer, F. H. (1970). Self-regulation: Research, issues and speculations. In C. Neuringer & J. L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology. Appleton- Century-Crofts.
Kanfer, F. H. (1971). The maintenance of behavior by self-generated stimuli and reinforcement. In A. Jacobs & L. B. Sachs (Eds.), The psychology of private events: Perspectives on covert response systems. Academic Press,
Kanfer, F. H. and Hagerman, S., (1981). The Role of Self-Regulation. In L. P. Rehm (Ed.), Behavior Therapy for Depression (pp. 143–179). Academic Press
Kanfer, F. H., & Hagerman, S. (1987). A model of self - regulation. In F. Halisch & J. Kuhl (Eds.), Motivation, intention, and volition (pp. 293-307) Springer- Verlag.
Kanfer, F. H., & Karoly, P. (1972). Self-regulation and its clinical application: Some additional conceptualizations. In R. C. Johnson, P. Dokecki, & O. Mowrer (Eds.), Conscience, contrast and social reality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Karlen, Y., Hertel, S., & Hirt, C.N. ( 2020). Teachers’ Professional Competences in Self-Regulated Learning: An Approach to Integrate Teachers’ Competences as Self-Regulated Learners and as Agents of Self-Regulated Learning in a Holistic Manner. Frontiers in Education, 5, 159.
https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00159.
Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199-214.
Miller, W. R. & Brown, J. M. (1991). Self-regulation as a Conceptual Basis for the Prevention and Treatment of Addictive Behaviours. In N. Heather, W. R. Miller & J. Greeley (Eds.), Self-control and The Addictive Behaviours (pp. 3-79). Maxwell Macmillan Publishing.
Neilans, T. H., & Israel, A. C. (1981). Towards maintenance and generalization of behavior change: Teaching children self-regulation and self-instructional skills. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5(2), 189-195.
Oliver, R. M., Wehby, J. H., & Nelson, J. R. (2015). Helping teachers maintain classroom management practices using a self-monitoring checklist. Teaching and Teacher Education, 51, 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.06.007
Ortube, A. F., Panadero, E., & Dignath, C. (2024). Self-Regulated Learning Interventions for Pre-service Teachers: a Systematic Review. Educational Psychology Review, 36(4), 113.
Panadero, E. (2017). A review of self-regulated learning: Six models and four directions for research. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 422.
Paris, S. G., & Winograd, P. (2003). The Role of Self-Regulated Learning in Contextual Teaching: Principals and Practices for Teacher Preparation. Washington, D. C., U.S. Department of Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479905
Perry, N. E., Hutchinson, L., & Thauberger, C. (2008). Talking about teaching self-regulated learning: scaffolding student teachers’ development and use of practices that promote self-regulated learning. International Journal of Educational Research. 47(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2007.11.010
Partovi, N., & Tafazoli, D. (2016). On the relationship between Iranian EFL teachers’ self-regulation, self-resiliency, gender and teaching experience. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 4(1), 7-25.
Pintrich, P.R. (2000). The roal of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 452-502). Academic Press.
Raffaelli, M., Crockett, L. J., & Shen, Y. (2005). Developmental stability and change in self-regulation from childhood to adolescence. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166, 54–75. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.166.1.54-76
Rott, B. (2013). Process regulation in the problem-solving processes of fifth graders [Usmerjanje procesov resevanja problemov petosolcev]. CEPS Journal, 3(4), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.221
Roth, A., Ogrin, S., & Schmitz, B. (2016). Assessing self-regulated learning in higher education: A systematic literature review of self-report instruments. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 28(3), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-015-9229-2
Sáez-Delgado, F., López-Angulo, Y., Mella-Norambuena, J., Baeza-Sepúlveda, C., Contreras-Saavedra, C., & Lozano-Peña, G. (2022). Teacher Self-Regulation and Its Relationship with Student Self-Regulation in Secondary Education. Sustainability, 14(24), 16863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142416863.
Siadaty, M., Gasevic, D., & Hatala, M. (2016). Trace-based micro-analytic measurement of self-regulated learning processes. Journal of Learning Analytics, 3(1), 183-214.
Schunk, D.H., & Zimmerman, B.J. (2003). Self-regulation and learning. In W.M. Reynolds & G.E. Miller (Eds.): Handbook of psychology. Vol. 7: Educational psychology (pp. 59-78). New York: Wiley
Spates, C. R., & Kanfer, F. H. (1977). Self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement in children's learning: A test of a multistage self-regulation model. Behavior Therapy, 8(1), 9-16.
Sumantri, M. S., Prayuningtyas, A. W., Rachmadtullah, R., & Magdalena, I. (2018). The Roles of Teacher-Training Programs and Student Teachers’ Self-Regulation in Developing Competence in Teaching Science. Advanced Science Letters, 24(10), 7077-7081. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12412
Senler, B. (2011). Pre-service science teachers ‘self-efficacy in relation to personality traits and academic self-regulation. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
Tillema, H.H., & Kremer-Hayon, L. (2002). “Practising what we preach”: Teacher educators’ dilemmas in promoting self-regulated learning: A cross case comparison. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(02)00018-5
Toussi, M. T. M., Boori, A. A., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2011). The Role of EFL Teachers' Self-Regulation in Effective Teaching. World Journal of Education, 1(2), 39-48.
Vermunt, J. D. (1998). The regulation of constructive learning processes. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(2), 149–171.
Wall, S. M. (1982). Effects of systematic self-monitoring and self-reinforcement in children's management of test performances. The Journal of Psychology, 111(1), 129-136.
Wiyono, B. B. (2018). The effect of self-evaluation on the principals’ transformational leadership, teachers’ work motivation, teamwork effectiveness, and school improvement. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 21(6), 705-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2017.1318960
Zhang, J., Qing, W., Miau, D., & Peng, J. (2014). The impact of core self-evaluation on job satisfaction: The mediator role of career commitment. Social Indicators Research, 116. 809-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0328-5
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of educational psychology, 81(3), 329-339.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self- Regulation: Theory, Research and Applications (pp.13-39). Academic Press.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into practice, 41(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Anatolian Cultural Research

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


